Here are the top 500 programming languages in the PLDB. You can also view all the languages in the PLDB. Rankings are explained here.
| title | appeared | type | rank |
|---|---|---|---|
| Java | 1995 | pl | 1 |
| JavaScript | 1995 | pl | 2 |
| C | 1972 | pl | 3 |
| Python | 1991 | pl | 4 |
| C++ | 1985 | pl | 5 |
| HTML | 1991 | textMarkup | 6 |
| SQL | 1974 | queryLanguage | 7 |
| PHP | 1995 | pl | 8 |
| XML | 1996 | dataNotation | 9 |
| Perl | 1987 | pl | 10 |
| MATLAB | 1984 | pl | 11 |
| C# | 2000 | pl | 12 |
| Ruby | 1995 | pl | 13 |
| Fortran | 1957 | pl | 14 |
| MySQL | 1995 | queryLanguage | 15 |
| R | 1993 | pl | 16 |
| JSON | 2001 | dataNotation | 17 |
| Go | 2009 | pl | 18 |
| COBOL | 1959 | pl | 19 |
| Swift | 2014 | pl | 20 |
| Scala | 2004 | pl | 21 |
| CSS | 1996 | stylesheetLanguage | 22 |
| Rust | 2010 | pl | 23 |
| Haskell | 1990 | pl | 24 |
| PostgreSQL | 1986 | queryLanguage | 25 |
| Lisp | 1958 | pl | 26 |
| Pascal | 1970 | pl | 27 |
| Ada | 1980 | pl | 28 |
| Lua | 1993 | pl | 29 |
| TypeScript | 2012 | pl | 30 |
| ARM | 1985 | assembly | 31 |
| SAS | 1976 | pl | 32 |
| Prolog | 1972 | pl | 33 |
| Clojure | 2007 | pl | 34 |
| Kotlin | 2011 | pl | 35 |
| ISBN | 1970 | schema | 36 |
| PowerShell | 2006 | pl | 37 |
| Elixir | 2011 | pl | 38 |
| Erlang | 1986 | pl | 39 |
| Mathematica | 1988 | pl | 40 |
| Visual Basic | 1991 | pl | 41 |
| Objective-C | 1984 | pl | 42 |
| Julia | 2012 | pl | 43 |
| CUDA | 2007 | pl | 44 |
| Assembly language | 1960 | assembly | 45 |
| Modula-2 | 1978 | pl | 46 |
| Dart | 2011 | pl | 47 |
| Tcl | 1988 | pl | 48 |
| Scheme | 1970 | pl | 49 |
| Regular Expressions | 1951 | queryLanguage | 50 |
| Reason | 2016 | pl | 51 |
| Bash | 1989 | pl | 52 |
| HTTP | 1989 | protocol | 53 |
| BASIC | 1964 | pl | 54 |
| Arduino | 2005 | pl | 55 |
| Crystal | 2014 | pl | 56 |
| ActionScript | 1998 | pl | 57 |
| Node.js | 2009 | pl | 58 |
| awk | 1977 | pl | 59 |
| F# | 2005 | pl | 60 |
| Delphi | 1995 | pl | 61 |
| VBA | 1993 | pl | 62 |
| Verilog | 1984 | hardwareDescriptionLanguage | 63 |
| DOI | 2000 | schema | 64 |
| Modula-3 | 1986 | pl | 65 |
| Solidity | 2014 | contractLanguage | 66 |
| OCaml | 1996 | pl | 67 |
| Eiffel | 1986 | pl | 68 |
| CoffeeScript | 2009 | pl | 69 |
| PowerPC | 1992 | isa | 70 |
| Elm | 2012 | pl | 71 |
| Smalltalk | 1972 | pl | 72 |
| X86 | 1978 | isa | 73 |
| D | 2001 | pl | 74 |
| FTP | 1971 | protocol | 75 |
| YAML | 2001 | dataNotation | 76 |
| Maple | 1982 | pl | 77 |
| UML | 1996 | xmlFormat | 78 |
| Sage | 2005 | pl | 79 |
| Yacc | 1975 | grammarLanguage | 80 |
| GraphQL | 2012 | queryLanguage | 81 |
| Groovy | 2003 | pl | 82 |
| LaTeX | 1985 | textMarkup | 83 |
| VHDL | 1983 | hardwareDescriptionLanguage | 84 |
| Racket | 1994 | pl | 85 |
| TLS | 1999 | protocol | 86 |
| Smali | 2010 | assembly | 87 |
| Common Lisp | 1984 | pl | 88 |
| APL | 1964 | pl | 89 |
| SMTP | 1982 | protocol | 90 |
| Scratch | 2002 | visual | 91 |
| TCP | 1974 | protocol | 92 |
| Nim | 2008 | pl | 93 |
| LLVM IR | 2003 | ir | 94 |
| ECMAScript | 1997 | pl | 95 |
| PostScript | 1982 | textMarkup | 96 |
| Red | 2011 | pl | 97 |
| OpenCL | 2009 | pl | 98 |
| Markdown | 2004 | textMarkup | 99 |
| Chapel | 2004 | pl | 100 |
| LabVIEW G | 1986 | pl | 101 |
| Haxe | 2005 | pl | 102 |
| WebAssembly | 2015 | bytecode | 103 |
| ASP | 1996 | template | 104 |
| XQuery | 2007 | pl | 105 |
| Nginx | 2004 | configFormat | 106 |
| LFE | 2008 | pl | 107 |
| SPSS | 1968 | pl | 108 |
| SOAP | 1998 | xmlFormat | 109 |
| Liquid | 2008 | template | 110 |
| REST | 1996 | protocol | 111 |
| PureBasic | 1998 | pl | 112 |
| Forth | 1970 | pl | 113 |
| UDP | 1980 | protocol | 114 |
| Rexx | 1979 | pl | 115 |
| MIPS architecture | 1985 | isa | 116 |
| SQLite | 2000 | queryLanguage | 117 |
| Visual Basic .NET | 2001 | pl | 118 |
| CIL | 2000 | pl | 119 |
| ANTLR | 1992 | grammarLanguage | 120 |
| SVG | 2001 | textMarkup | 121 |
| Tex | 1978 | pl | 122 |
| MediaWiki | 2002 | wikiMarkup | 123 |
| Oz | 1991 | pl | 124 |
| fish | 2005 | pl | 125 |
| Idris | 2014 | pl | 126 |
| Applescript | 1993 | pl | 127 |
| Oberon | 1986 | pl | 128 |
| ML | 1973 | pl | 129 |
| URL | 1994 | schema | 130 |
| FLEX | 1987 | grammarLanguage | 131 |
| Simula | 1965 | pl | 132 |
| PureScript | 2013 | pl | 133 |
| RDF | 1997 | dataNotation | 134 |
| Logo | 1967 | pl | 135 |
| VBScript | 1996 | pl | 136 |
| sed | 1974 | pl | 137 |
| Lasso | 1995 | pl | 138 |
| V | 2019 | pl | 139 |
| PicoLisp | 1988 | pl | 140 |
| AMPL | 1985 | pl | 141 |
| ABAP | 1983 | pl | 142 |
| Protocol Buffers | 2008 | idl | 143 |
| BCPL | 1966 | pl | 144 |
| Standard ML | 1990 | pl | 145 |
| Brainfuck | 1993 | pl | 146 |
| HAML | 2006 | template | 147 |
| GAME | 1977 | pl | 148 |
| Processing | 2001 | pl | 149 |
| Nearley | 2014 | grammarLanguage | 150 |
| idyll | 2017 | pl | 151 |
| MIME | 1991 | textDataFormat | 152 |
| Org | 2003 | textMarkup | 153 |
| REBOL | 1997 | pl | 154 |
| OWL | 2004 | xmlFormat | 155 |
| MoonScript | 2011 | pl | 156 |
| Terra | 2012 | pl | 157 |
| FLUX | 2014 | pl | 158 |
| Hack | 2014 | pl | 159 |
| DOT | 2007 | textMarkup | 160 |
| Algol | 1958 | pl | 161 |
| Reverse Polish notation | 1953 | notation | 162 |
| Jison | 2009 | pl | 163 |
| Rust MIR | 2016 | ir | 164 |
| Dylan | 1992 | pl | 165 |
| Jinja | 2006 | template | 166 |
| JSP | 1999 | template | 167 |
| Fantom | 2005 | pl | 168 |
| SPARC | 1987 | isa | 169 |
| PL/SQL | 1991 | pl | 170 |
| Limbo | 1995 | pl | 171 |
| BlitzBasic | 2000 | pl | 172 |
| Agda | 2007 | pl | 173 |
| Frege | 2011 | pl | 174 |
| Ballerina | 2015 | pl | 175 |
| Coq | 1989 | pl | 176 |
| ColdFusion | 1995 | pl | 177 |
| EuLisp | 1985 | pl | 178 |
| Monkey | 2011 | pl | 179 |
| RFC | 1969 | notation | 180 |
| AutoIt | 1999 | pl | 181 |
| Occam | 1983 | pl | 182 |
| GNU Octave | 1988 | pl | 183 |
| XPath | 1999 | queryLanguage | 184 |
| MUMPS | 1966 | pl | 185 |
| Lean | 2015 | pl | 186 |
| Slim | 2011 | template | 187 |
| Emacs Lisp | 1985 | pl | 188 |
| Zephir | 2013 | pl | 189 |
| x86 Assembly | 1972 | assembly | 190 |
| Hy | 2013 | pl | 191 |
| TOML | 2013 | dataNotation | 192 |
| XAML | 2008 | xmlFormat | 193 |
| Squirrel | 2003 | pl | 194 |
| Zig | 2015 | pl | 195 |
| Vala | 2006 | pl | 196 |
| IA-32 | 1985 | isa | 197 |
| X10 | 2004 | pl | 198 |
| PL/I | 1964 | pl | 199 |
| grep | 1974 | pl | 200 |
| Icon | 1977 | pl | 201 |
| Makefile | 1976 | pl | 202 |
| Turing | 1982 | pl | 203 |
| Pug | 2010 | template | 204 |
| Scilab | 1990 | pl | 205 |
| Flow | 2014 | pl | 206 |
| Click | 1999 | pl | 207 |
| NewLisp | 1991 | pl | 208 |
| Nextflow | 2013 | pl | 209 |
| QML | 2009 | pl | 210 |
| RPG | 1959 | pl | 211 |
| Java Bytecode | 1995 | bytecode | 212 |
| QBasic | 1991 | pl | 213 |
| xBase | 1986 | pl | 214 |
| EDN | 2012 | dataNotation | 215 |
| IDL | 1977 | pl | 216 |
| S-expressions | 1960 | dataNotation | 217 |
| Boo | 2003 | pl | 218 |
| Mercury | 1995 | pl | 219 |
| Microsoft BASIC | 1975 | pl | 220 |
| JSON5 | 2012 | dataNotation | 221 |
| J | 1990 | pl | 222 |
| F* | 2014 | pl | 223 |
| Ceylon | 2011 | pl | 224 |
| Stata | 1985 | pl | 225 |
| PostCSS | 2013 | textMarkup | 226 |
| Turtle | 2011 | dataNotation | 227 |
| SI | 1960 | notation | 228 |
| Nemerle | 2003 | pl | 229 |
| Io | 2002 | pl | 230 |
| LOLCODE | 2007 | esolang | 231 |
| ALGOL 60 | 1960 | pl | 232 |
| SYMBOL | 1971 | pl | 233 |
| SPARQL | 2008 | queryLanguage | 234 |
| Clean | 1987 | pl | 235 |
| SuperCollider | 1996 | pl | 236 |
| RobotFramework | 2013 | pl | 237 |
| SystemVerilog | 2002 | pl | 238 |
| Object Pascal | 1986 | pl | 239 |
| AGC | 1966 | assembly | 240 |
| Opa | 2011 | pl | 241 |
| SNOBOL | 1962 | pl | 242 |
| CLIPS | 1985 | pl | 243 |
| HCL | 2014 | dataNotation | 244 |
| Sass | 2006 | stylesheetLanguage | 245 |
| Whitespace | 2003 | esolang | 246 |
| WSDL | 2000 | xmlFormat | 247 |
| CSP | 1978 | pl | 248 |
| Inform | 1993 | pl | 249 |
| TLA | 1999 | pl | 250 |
| Bison | 1985 | grammarLanguage | 251 |
| Office Open XML | 2006 | xmlFormat | 252 |
| AXIOM | 1992 | pl | 253 |
| RAML | 2013 | yamlFormat | 254 |
| Cython | 2007 | pl | 255 |
| MariaDB | 2009 | queryLanguage | 256 |
| Multi-User Forth | 1995 | pl | 257 |
| API Blueprint | 2013 | pl | 258 |
| reStructuredText | 2002 | textMarkup | 259 |
| Bourne shell | 1977 | pl | 260 |
| odin | 2016 | pl | 261 |
| BPMN | 2004 | visual | 262 |
| Dafny | 2009 | pl | 263 |
| Batchfile | 1985 | pl | 264 |
| Ini | 1987 | dataNotation | 265 |
| Self | 1987 | pl | 266 |
| Morse code | 1837 | notation | 267 |
| C-- | 1997 | pl | 268 |
| Isabelle | 1986 | pl | 269 |
| Wren | 2013 | pl | 270 |
| FlatBuffers | 2014 | idl | 271 |
| B | 1969 | pl | 272 |
| Pike | 1994 | pl | 273 |
| ATS | 2013 | pl | 274 |
| Simulink | 1984 | pl | 275 |
| Deno | 2018 | pl | 276 |
| GW-BASIC | 1983 | pl | 277 |
| AutoLISP | 1986 | pl | 278 |
| ClojureScript | 2011 | pl | 279 |
| Visual FoxPro | 1995 | pl | 280 |
| Factor | 2003 | pl | 281 |
| NetLogo | 1999 | pl | 282 |
| YARA | 2008 | pl | 283 |
| SGML | 1986 | textMarkup | 284 |
| S-algol | 1979 | pl | 285 |
| Csound | 1985 | pl | 286 |
| Puppet | 2005 | pl | 287 |
| DNS | 1985 | protocol | 288 |
| Lex | 1975 | grammarLanguage | 289 |
| Xojo | 1996 | pl | 290 |
| Dhall | 2017 | dataNotation | 291 |
| Perl 6 | 2015 | pl | 292 |
| Ninja | 2012 | template | 293 |
| Base64 | 1987 | textEncodingFormat | 294 |
| JSON-LD | 2010 | dataValidationLanguage | 295 |
| AutoHotkey | 2003 | pl | 296 |
| Z notation | 1974 | notation | 297 |
| Gnuplot | 1986 | pl | 298 |
| FoxPRO | 1992 | pl | 299 |
| Alloy | 1997 | pl | 300 |
| INTERCAL | 1972 | pl | 301 |
| E | 1997 | pl | 302 |
| RDoc | 2004 | textMarkup | 303 |
| PL/pgSQL | 1998 | pl | 304 |
| Modelica | 1997 | pl | 305 |
| Marko | 2014 | textMarkup | 306 |
| Bicep | 2020 | jsonFormat | 307 |
| wisp | 2012 | pl | 308 |
| LiveScript | 2011 | pl | 309 |
| Ioke | 2008 | pl | 310 |
| PEG.js | 2010 | grammarLanguage | 311 |
| halide | 2010 | pl | 312 |
| HyperCard | 1987 | pl | 313 |
| GAMS | 1963 | pl | 314 |
| G-code | 1950 | pl | 315 |
| ERB | 2004 | template | 316 |
| S | 1976 | pl | 317 |
| JScript | 1996 | pl | 318 |
| AsciiDoc | 2002 | textMarkup | 319 |
| Objective-J | 2008 | pl | 320 |
| M4 | 1977 | pl | 321 |
| MMX instruction set | 1997 | isa | 322 |
| Clipper | 1985 | pl | 323 |
| Wolfram Language | 1988 | pl | 324 |
| UrWeb | 2008 | pl | 325 |
| Coconut | 2014 | pl | 326 |
| Pod | 1997 | textMarkup | 327 |
| Arc | 2001 | pl | 328 |
| Punched tape | 1943 | notation | 329 |
| Datalog | 1977 | pl | 330 |
| SPARK | 1988 | pl | 331 |
| ASN.1 | 1984 | idl | 332 |
| Multics | 1967 | pl | 333 |
| Less | 2009 | stylesheetLanguage | 334 |
| Q | 2003 | pl | 335 |
| JSON Schema | 2010 | dataValidationLanguage | 336 |
| Jython | 2001 | pl | 337 |
| EML | 1974 | textDataFormat | 338 |
| Pig Latin | 2008 | queryLanguage | 339 |
| COMTRAN | 1957 | pl | 340 |
| Gambas | 1999 | pl | 341 |
| DTD | 1996 | grammarLanguage | 342 |
| HyperTalk | 1987 | pl | 343 |
| DIAGRAM | 1980 | pl | 344 |
| AspectJ | 2001 | pl | 345 |
| Oxygene | 2002 | pl | 346 |
| Seed7 | 2005 | pl | 347 |
| Befunge | 1993 | esolang | 348 |
| JFlex | 2003 | grammarLanguage | 349 |
| ALGOL 68 | 1968 | pl | 350 |
| x86-64 | 2000 | isa | 351 |
| PowerBuilder | 2010 | pl | 352 |
| YASnippet | 2008 | textMarkup | 353 |
| Free Pascal | 1997 | pl | 354 |
| Latte | 2008 | template | 355 |
| ink | 2015 | esolang | 356 |
| XS | 2002 | pl | 357 |
| Miranda | 1985 | pl | 358 |
| SaltStack | 2011 | pl | 359 |
| Max | 1990 | jsonFormat | 360 |
| NATO phonetic alphabet | 1956 | notation | 361 |
| FreeBASIC | 2004 | pl | 362 |
| Thrift | 2007 | idl | 363 |
| Twig | 2009 | template | 364 |
| Scala.js | 2013 | pl | 365 |
| chrysaLisp | 2015 | pl | 366 |
| Atmel AVR | 1996 | pl | 367 |
| starlark | 2018 | pl | 368 |
| Transact-SQL | 1984 | queryLanguage | 369 |
| FASTQ | 2000 | textDataFormat | 370 |
| DTrace | 2005 | pl | 371 |
| unison | 2015 | pl | 372 |
| Slash | 2012 | pl | 373 |
| Malbolge | 1998 | pl | 374 |
| PRQL | 2022 | queryLanguage | 375 |
| Cap'n Proto | 2013 | idl | 376 |
| Classroom Object Oriented Language | 1996 | pl | 377 |
| NSIS | 2001 | pl | 378 |
| SETL | 1969 | pl | 379 |
| XBase++ | 1997 | pl | 380 |
| LINQ | 2007 | queryLanguage | 381 |
| Genie | 2008 | pl | 382 |
| QuickBASIC | 1985 | pl | 383 |
| Shakespeare | 1993 | esolang | 384 |
| Maxima | 1982 | pl | 385 |
| Falcon | 2003 | pl | 386 |
| PEG | 2002 | grammarLanguage | 387 |
| Altair BASIC | 1975 | pl | 388 |
| EJS | 2010 | template | 389 |
| Squeak | 1996 | pl | 390 |
| PL/0 | 1976 | pl | 391 |
| KaTeX | 2013 | textMarkup | 392 |
| Augmented Backus-Naur Form | 2008 | grammarLanguage | 393 |
| JCL | 1964 | pl | 394 |
| Netwide Assembler | 1996 | assembly | 395 |
| Dc | 1978 | pl | 396 |
| CLU | 1975 | pl | 397 |
| Pure Data | 1996 | pl | 398 |
| ABC | 1980 | pl | 399 |
| RMarkdown | 2014 | textMarkup | 400 |
| Commodore BASIC | 1977 | pl | 401 |
| SourcePawn | 2014 | pl | 402 |
| CWL | 2014 | pl | 403 |
| True BASIC | 1983 | pl | 404 |
| Bluespec | 2000 | pl | 405 |
| Ladder Logic | 1994 | pl | 406 |
| WxBasic | 2002 | pl | 407 |
| Fennel | 2016 | pl | 408 |
| FASTA | 2004 | textDataFormat | 409 |
| mlir | 2019 | ir | 410 |
| Ren'Py | 2004 | pl | 411 |
| Stylus | 2010 | stylesheetLanguage | 412 |
| Closure Templates | 2009 | template | 413 |
| Tiny BASIC | 1975 | pl | 414 |
| RDFa | 2004 | xmlFormat | 415 |
| Argdown | 2014 | textMarkup | 416 |
| WDL | 2012 | pl | 417 |
| Korn shell | 1983 | pl | 418 |
| RISC-V | 2010 | isa | 419 |
| beef-lang | 2019 | pl | 420 |
| Microsoft Small Basic | 2008 | pl | 421 |
| Dogescript | 2013 | pl | 422 |
| Ion | 2016 | idl | 423 |
| K | 1993 | pl | 424 |
| Sather | 1990 | pl | 425 |
| PIC microcontroller | 1975 | pl | 426 |
| EBNF | 1977 | grammarLanguage | 427 |
| TXL | 1985 | pl | 428 |
| Microsoft Macro Assembler | 1981 | assembly | 429 |
| Enso | 2015 | pl | 430 |
| Java Properties | 1995 | dataNotation | 431 |
| Cue | 2018 | dataNotation | 432 |
| Luna | 2015 | pl | 433 |
| HLSL | 2002 | pl | 434 |
| CIL | 1994 | pl | 435 |
| LiveCode | 2001 | pl | 436 |
| Oberon-2 | 1991 | pl | 437 |
| tornado | 2009 | template | 438 |
| Smarty | 2006 | template | 439 |
| BBCode | 1998 | textMarkup | 440 |
| Asm.js | 2013 | ir | 441 |
| ALGOL W | 1966 | pl | 442 |
| datascript | 2014 | queryLanguage | 443 |
| Xtext | 2006 | grammarLanguage | 444 |
| VRML | 1994 | pl | 445 |
| Koka | 2012 | pl | 446 |
| GeoJSON | 2008 | jsonFormat | 447 |
| Xtend | 2011 | pl | 448 |
| eC | 2004 | pl | 449 |
| Ghostscript | 1988 | pl | 450 |
| Qualcomm Hexagon | 2006 | assembly | 451 |
| ALGOL 58 | 1958 | pl | 452 |
| Eve | 2016 | pl | 453 |
| Caml | 1985 | pl | 454 |
| MBASIC | 1983 | pl | 455 |
| Nu | 2007 | pl | 456 |
| Microdata HTML | 2013 | schema | 457 |
| Ragel | 2007 | pl | 458 |
| Fortress | 2004 | pl | 459 |
| jq | 2012 | queryLanguage | 460 |
| Ron | 2015 | dataNotation | 461 |
| JavaCC | 1996 | grammarLanguage | 462 |
| Unicon | 2008 | pl | 463 |
| RPL | 1984 | pl | 464 |
| HOPE | 1978 | pl | 465 |
| muPad | 1997 | pl | 466 |
| carp | 2016 | pl | 467 |
| PARI/GP | 1985 | pl | 468 |
| dynamo-visual-language | 2011 | visual | 469 |
| Ring | 2016 | pl | 470 |
| XSLT | 1998 | xmlFormat | 471 |
| Imba | 2014 | pl | 472 |
| Cg | 2003 | pl | 473 |
| KML | 2007 | xmlFormat | 474 |
| gravity | 2017 | pl | 475 |
| PAWN | 2006 | pl | 476 |
| Pony | 2012 | pl | 477 |
| SIL | 2012 | ir | 478 |
| Hjson | 2014 | dataNotation | 479 |
| Troff | 1973 | textMarkup | 480 |
| Mathcad | 1986 | pl | 481 |
| IMAP | 1986 | protocol | 482 |
| mermaid | 2014 | textMarkup | 483 |
| Gosu | 2002 | pl | 484 |
| OpenVera | 2001 | pl | 485 |
| Felix | 2001 | pl | 486 |
| MusicXML | 2004 | pl | 487 |
| Taichi | 2019 | pl | 488 |
| P4 | 2014 | pl | 489 |
| BETA | 1983 | pl | 490 |
| Action! | 1983 | pl | 491 |
| Uno | 2002 | pl | 492 |
| PL/M | 1973 | pl | 493 |
| GLSL | 1992 | pl | 494 |
| RATFOR | 1976 | pl | 495 |
| Expect | 1990 | pl | 496 |
| TI MSP430 | 2009 | isa | 497 |
| flowchart.fun | 2021 | textMarkup | 498 |
| UNLAMBDA | 1999 | pl | 499 |
| Guile | 1993 | pl | 500 |