Generics

Generics are a feature.

Generic programming is a style of computer programming in which algorithms are written in terms of types to-be-specified-later that are then instantiated when needed for specific types provided as parameters. This approach, pioneered by ML in 1973, permits writing common functions or types that differ only in the set of types on which they operate when used, thus reducing duplication. Such software entities are known as generics in Python, Ada, C#, Delphi, Eiffel, F#, Java, Rust, Swift, TypeScript and Visual Basic .NET. Read more on Wikipedia...

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Languages with Generics include Java, C#, Ada, TypeScript, Felix, Jule

Example from Java:

List<String> v = new ArrayList<String>();
v.add("test");
Integer i = v.get(0); // (type error)  compilation-time error

Example from C#:

// Declare the generic class.
public class GenericList<T>
{
    public void Add(T input) { }
}
class TestGenericList
{
    private class ExampleClass { }
    static void Main()
    {
        // Declare a list of type int.
        GenericList<int> list1 = new GenericList<int>();
        list1.Add(1);

        // Declare a list of type string.
        GenericList<string> list2 = new GenericList<string>();
        list2.Add("");

        // Declare a list of type ExampleClass.
        GenericList<ExampleClass> list3 = new GenericList<ExampleClass>();
        list3.Add(new ExampleClass());
    }
}

Example from Ada:

generic
   Max_Size : Natural; -- a generic formal value
   type Element_Type is private; -- a generic formal type; accepts any nonlimited type
package Stacks is
   type Size_Type is range 0 .. Max_Size;
   type Stack is limited private;
   procedure Create (S : out Stack;
                     Initial_Size : in Size_Type := Max_Size);
   procedure Push (Into : in out Stack; Element : in Element_Type);
   procedure Pop (From : in out Stack; Element : out Element_Type);
   Overflow : exception;
   Underflow : exception;
private
   subtype Index_Type is Size_Type range 1 .. Max_Size;
   type Vector is array (Index_Type range <>) of Element_Type;
   type Stack (Allocated_Size : Size_Type := 0) is record
      Top : Index_Type;
      Storage : Vector (1 .. Allocated_Size);
   end record;
end Stacks;

Example from TypeScript:

function identity<T>(arg: T): T {
   return arg;
}

Example from Felix:

// generics
fun g (x) => f (f x);
println$ g 1, g "hello";
println$ _map f (1,"hello",2.0);

Example from Jule:

type[T]
fn generic_function(s: []T) {
    // ...
}

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